Well if you read Aristotle, there is a concept of a singular force (the prime mover) that has been attributed as "God" that is fundamental to the basis of his metaphysics. So the concept was there, or at least a comparable one, in their time I would think. Though you would be better off asking an ancient Greek historian. My suspicion is that there really was no huge problem between speaking of one god or a multitude when it came to intellectual circles while the multiple gods were more public sphere.
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